REGEX(7)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		      REGEX(7)



NAME
       regex - POSIX.2 regular expressions

DESCRIPTION
       Regular	expressions ("RE"s), as defined in POSIX.2, come in two forms:
       modern REs (roughly those of egrep; POSIX.2 calls these "extended" REs)
       and  obsolete REs (roughly those of ed(1); POSIX.2 "basic" REs).	 Obso-
       lete REs mostly exist for backward compatibility in some old  programs;
       they  will  be discussed at the end.  POSIX.2 leaves some aspects of RE
       syntax and semantics open; "(!)" marks decisions on these aspects  that
       may not be fully portable to other POSIX.2 implementations.

       A (modern) RE is one(!) or more nonempty(!) branches, separated by '|'.
       It matches anything that matches one of the branches.

       A branch is one(!) or more pieces, concatenated.	 It  matches  a	 match
       for the first, followed by a match for the second, and so on.

       A  piece	 is an atom possibly followed by a single(!) '*', '+', '?', or
       bound.  An atom followed by '*' matches a sequence of 0 or more matches
       of  the	atom.  An atom followed by '+' matches a sequence of 1 or more
       matches of the atom.  An atom followed by '?' matches a sequence	 of  0
       or 1 matches of the atom.

       A  bound	 is '{' followed by an unsigned decimal integer, possibly fol-
       lowed by ',' possibly followed by  another  unsigned  decimal  integer,
       always followed by '}'.	The integers must lie between 0 and RE_DUP_MAX
       (255(!)) inclusive, and if there are two of them,  the  first  may  not
       exceed  the second.  An atom followed by a bound containing one integer
       i and no comma matches a sequence of exactly i matches of the atom.  An
       atom followed by a bound containing one integer i and a comma matches a
       sequence of i or more matches of the atom.  An atom followed by a bound
       containing  two	integers  i  and  j  matches a sequence of i through j
       (inclusive) matches of the atom.

       An atom is a regular expression enclosed in "()" (matching a match  for
       the  regular  expression),  an  empty  set  of  "()" (matching the null
       string)(!), a bracket expression (see below), '.' (matching any	single
       character),  '^' (matching the null string at the beginning of a line),
       '$' (matching the null string at the end of a line), a '\' followed  by
       one  of the characters "^.[$()|*+?{\" (matching that character taken as
       an ordinary character),	a  '\'	followed  by  any  other  character(!)
       (matching  that character taken as an ordinary character, as if the '\'
       had not been present(!)), or a single character with no other  signifi-
       cance  (matching	 that character).  A '{' followed by a character other
       than a digit is an ordinary character, not the beginning of a bound(!).
       It is illegal to end an RE with '\'.

       A bracket expression is a list of characters enclosed in "[]".  It nor-
       mally matches any single character from the list (but see  below).   If
       the  list  begins  with	'^',  it matches any single character (but see
       below) not from the rest of the list.  If two characters	 in  the  list
       are  separated  by '-', this is shorthand for the full range of charac-
       ters between those two (inclusive) in the collating sequence, for exam-
       ple,  "[0-9]" in ASCII matches any decimal digit.  It is illegal(!) for
       two ranges to share an endpoint, for example, "a-c-e".  Ranges are very
       collating-sequence-dependent,  and portable programs should avoid rely-
       ing on them.

       To include a literal ']' in the list, make it the first character (fol-
       lowing a possible '^').	To include a literal '-', make it the first or
       last character, or the second endpoint of a range.  To  use  a  literal
       '-'  as	the first endpoint of a range, enclose it in "[." and ".]"  to
       make it a collating element (see below).	 With the exception  of	 these
       and  some  combinations using '[' (see next paragraphs), all other spe-
       cial characters, including '\', lose their special significance	within
       a bracket expression.

       Within a bracket expression, a collating element (a character, a multi-
       character sequence that collates as if it were a single character, or a
       collating-sequence  name	 for  either) enclosed in "[." and ".]" stands
       for the sequence of characters of that collating element.  The sequence
       is  a  single  element  of  the	bracket	 expression's list.  A bracket
       expression containing a multicharacter collating element can thus match
       more  than  one	character,  for	 example,  if  the  collating sequence
       includes a "ch" collating element, then the RE "[[.ch.]]*c" matches the
       first five characters of "chchcc".

       Within  a  bracket expression, a collating element enclosed in "[=" and
       "=]" is an equivalence class, standing for the sequences of  characters
       of  all	collating  elements  equivalent to that one, including itself.
       (If there are no other equivalent collating elements, the treatment  is
       as  if the enclosing delimiters were "[." and ".]".)  For example, if o
       and ^  are  the	members	 of  an	 equivalence  class,  then  "[[=o=]]",
       "[[=^=]]",  and	"[o^]"	are  all synonymous.  An equivalence class may
       not(!) be an endpoint of a range.

       Within a bracket expression, the name of a character class enclosed  in
       "[:"  and  ":]" stands for the list of all characters belonging to that
       class.  Standard character class names are:

	      alnum   digit   punct
	      alpha   graph   space
	      blank   lower   upper
	      cntrl   print   xdigit

       These stand for the character classes defined in wctype(3).   A	locale
       may  provide  others.  A character class may not be used as an endpoint
       of a range.

       In the event that an RE could match more than one substring of a	 given
       string, the RE matches the one starting earliest in the string.	If the
       RE could match more than one  substring	starting  at  that  point,  it
       matches	the  longest.	Subexpressions also match the longest possible
       substrings, subject to the constraint that the whole match be  as  long
       as possible, with subexpressions starting earlier in the RE taking pri-
       ority over ones starting later.	Note that higher-level	subexpressions
       thus take priority over their lower-level component subexpressions.

       Match  lengths  are  measured in characters, not collating elements.  A
       null string is considered longer than no match at  all.	 For  example,
       "bb*"	matches	   the	  three	   middle   characters	 of   "abbbc",
       "(wee|week)(knights|nights)"  matches  all  ten	characters  of	"week-
       nights",	 when "(.*).*" is matched against "abc" the parenthesized sub-
       expression matches all three characters, and when  "(a*)*"  is  matched
       against	"bc"  both  the	 whole	RE and the parenthesized subexpression
       match the null string.

       If case-independent matching is specified, the effect is much as if all
       case  distinctions  had vanished from the alphabet.  When an alphabetic
       that exists in multiple cases appears as an ordinary character  outside
       a  bracket  expression,	it  is	effectively transformed into a bracket
       expression containing both cases,  for  example,	 'x'  becomes  "[xX]".
       When  it	 appears inside a bracket expression, all case counterparts of
       it are added to the bracket expression, so  that,  for  example,	 "[x]"
       becomes "[xX]" and "[^x]" becomes "[^xX]".

       No  particular  limit  is  imposed  on  the length of REs(!).  Programs
       intended to be portable should not employ REs longer than 256 bytes, as
       an  implementation  can refuse to accept such REs and remain POSIX-com-
       pliant.

       Obsolete ("basic") regular  expressions	differ	in  several  respects.
       '|',  '+',  and	'?' are ordinary characters and there is no equivalent
       for their functionality.	 The delimiters for bounds are "\{" and	 "\}",
       with  '{'  and  '}' by themselves ordinary characters.  The parentheses
       for nested subexpressions are "\(" and "\)", with '(' and ')' by	 them-
       selves ordinary characters.  '^' is an ordinary character except at the
       beginning of the RE or(!) the beginning of a  parenthesized  subexpres-
       sion,  '$'  is  an ordinary character except at the end of the RE or(!)
       the end of a parenthesized subexpression, and '*' is an ordinary	 char-
       acter  if  it  appears at the beginning of the RE or the beginning of a
       parenthesized subexpression (after a possible leading '^').

       Finally, there is one new type of atom, a back reference: '\'  followed
       by  a  nonzero  decimal digit d matches the same sequence of characters
       matched by the dth parenthesized	 subexpression	(numbering  subexpres-
       sions by the positions of their opening parentheses, left to right), so
       that, for example, "\([bc]\)\1" matches "bb" or "cc" but not "bc".

BUGS
       Having two kinds of REs is a botch.

       The current POSIX.2 spec says that ')' is an ordinary character in  the
       absence	of  an	unmatched  '(';	 this was an unintentional result of a
       wording error, and change is likely.  Avoid relying on it.

       Back references are a dreadful botch, posing major problems  for	 effi-
       cient  implementations.	 They  are also somewhat vaguely defined (does
       "a\(\(b\)*\2\)*d" match "abbbd"?).  Avoid using them.

       POSIX.2's specification of case-independent  matching  is  vague.   The
       "one  case implies all cases" definition given above is current consen-
       sus among implementors as to the right interpretation.

AUTHOR
       This page was taken from Henry Spencer's regex package.

SEE ALSO
       grep(1), regex(3)

       POSIX.2, section 2.8 (Regular Expression Notation).

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 4.10 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
       description  of	the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
       latest	 version    of	  this	  page,	   can	   be	  found	    at
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.



				  2009-01-12			      REGEX(7)